Factors Associated with Hyposalivation in Brazilian Adults

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the occurrence of hyposalivation in Brazilian adults and its association with individual determinants, such as the use of medications, systemic conditions, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study with 402 adults was developed. Information was collected on sociodemographic and general health characteristics, and sialometry was performed with stimulated salivary flow. It indicated low salivary flow when ≤ 0.7 mL/min. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted using a decision tree (p<0.05). Results: The sample was comprised predominantly of women (68.2%) aged ≤ 29 years (25.4%). Most participants did not use medication (56.7%). Among systemic diseases, the most cited was hypertension (25.1%). More than a third of the participants presented hyposalivation (40.3%), being associated with the following variables: age between 50 to 59 years (p=0.011), female sex (p<0.001), menopause (p=0.001), use of alcohol (p=0.033), systemic disease (p=0.002) and medication use (p<0.001). In multivariate analysis, in addition to sex (p<0.001) and hypertension (p=0.005), an association was also found between hyposalivation and diabetes (p=0.014). Conclusion: Factors associated with hyposalivation in adults were sex and the presence of hypertension or diabetes.

Clarity of publications on HPV in Instagram profiles of official health agencies in Brazil

Abstract The study analyzed the clarity of publications on human papillomavirus (HPV) in the Instagram profiles of official Brazilian health agencies. An infodemiological study analyzed publications on HPV in the 81 Instagram profiles selected from the Health Ministry, States' Health Departments, and dental councils and associations. The following data were collected: classification of content, type of profiles, type of media, how the content was addressed, number of posts, frequency, likes, comments, viewings, and hashtags, and how the HPV vaccine was addressed. The clarity of the educational publications was assessed using the Brazilian version of the Clear Communication Index (BR-CDC-CCI). Data analysis was performed with Spearman's correlation and the Mann-Whitney test (p < 0.05). A total of 504 publications on HPV were found. The average number of likes was 528.3 (SD = 2388.2) and the average BR-CDC-CCI score was 67.1 (SD = 14.1). The quality and clarity of the information was considered adequate (BR-CDC-CCI score ≥ 90) in 6.9% of the publications. A weak positive correlation was found between the number of likes and both the BR-CDC-CCI score (r = 0.195) and number of posts (r = 0.124). Publications from the Health Ministry had a significantly higher BR-CDC-CCI score (72.9) compared to the other profiles analyzed (p = 0.01). Most publications concerned government actions, had low engagement, and written educational information was of low clarity and quality. However, the effort to reach the population was evident, with an increase in publications over the years.

Biological properties of Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi essential oil

Abstract Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi green fruits essential oil (EO) was evaluated regarding its phytochemical profile, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, and toxicity. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry was applied to identify its constituents, thereafter the minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal and fungicidal concentrations, and its antibiofilm activity were evaluated. The EO cytotoxicity was assessed in tumor and non-tumor human cells, and in vivo toxicity was evaluated in a Galleria mellonella model. The major constituents of S. terebinthifolia EO were alpha-phellandrene and beta-phellandrene. The EO had a weak activity against all strains of Candida albicans (MIC 1000µg/mL) and had no activity against non-albicans strains, bacteria, and C. albicans biofilm. Cytostatic activity against all tumor cell lines was shown. Additionally, cell viability remained at EO concentrations up to 62.5 µg/mL. At 16 mg/mL, 50% hemolysis was observed, and it had low toxicity in vivo. Overall, the S. terebinthifolia EO was characterized by low antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities, with no evidence of toxicity to human tumor and non-tumor cells

Phytochemical composition, antifungal activity, in vitro and in vivo toxicity of Syzygium cumini (L) Skeels leaves extract / Composición fitoquímica, actividad antifúngica, toxicidad in vitro e in vivo del extracto de hojas de Syzygium cumini (L) Skeels

This study determined phytochemical composition, antifungal activity and toxicity in vitro and in vivo of Syzygium cumini leaves extract (Sc). Thus, was characterized by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and submitted to determination of Minimum Inhibitory (MIC) and Fungicidal concentrations (MFC) on reference and clinical strains of Candida spp. and by growth kinetics assays. Toxicity was verified using in vitro assays of hemolysis, osmotic fragility, oxidant and antioxidant activity in human erythrocytes and by in vivo acute systemic toxicity in Galleria mellonella larvae. Fourteen different compounds were identified in Sc, which showed antifungal activity (MIC between 31.25-125µg/mL) with fungistatic effect on Candida. At antifungal concentrations, it demonstrated low cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity and neglible in vivotoxicity. Thus, Sc demonstrated a promising antifungal potential, with low toxicity, indicating that this extract can be a safe and effective alternative antifungal agent.

Este estudio determinó la composición fitoquímica, la actividad antifúngica y la toxicidad in vitro e in vivo del extracto de hojas de Syzygium cumini (Sc). Así, se caracterizó mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas y se sometió a determinación de Concentraciones Mínimas Inhibitorias (CMI) y Fungicidas (MFC) sobre cepas de referencia y clínicas de Candida spp. y mediante ensayos de cinética de crecimiento. La toxicidad se verificó mediante ensayos in vitro de hemólisis, fragilidad osmótica, actividad oxidante y antioxidante en eritrocitos humanos y por toxicidad sistémica aguda in vivo en larvas de Galleria mellonella. Se identificaron catorce compuestos diferentes en Sc, que mostraron actividad antifúngica (CMI entre 31.25-125 µg/mL) con efecto fungistático sobre Candida. En concentraciones antifúngicas, demostró baja citotoxicidad, actividad antioxidante y toxicidad in vivo insignificante. Por lo tanto, Sc demostró un potencial antifúngico prometedor, con baja toxicidad, lo que indica que este extracto puede ser un agente antifúngico alternativo seguro y eficaz.

Contextual and individual factors associated with oral health literacy in adolescents: A multi-level approach

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the association of contextual and individual factors with Oral Health literacy (OHL) in early adolescence. This is a population-based cross-sectional study carried out with 740 12-year-old adolescents randomly selected by a two-stage probabilistic cluster sampling process from schools in Campina Grande, Brazil. The guardians provided sociodemographic information. Adolescents answered the Brazilian version of the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scales (FACES III) to measure family functioning, and the Brazilian Rapid Estimate of Literacy in Dentistry (BREALD-30) to measure OHL. Descriptive analysis was conducted, followed by robust Poisson's regression analysis for complex samples with a multilevel approach (p<0.05). Rate ratio (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. The two levels of the analysis were students and schools. Adolescents enrolled at schools with higher grade-retention rate had slightly worse OHL scores (RR = 0.99; 95% CI: 0.98 to 0.99). The following individual factors were associated with the level of OHL: the female sex (RR = 1.05; 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.10), mother's schooling more than eight years (RR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.08 to 1.19), younger guardians (RR = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.90 to 0.97) and a balanced family functioning (RR = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.14). Individual and contextual factors were associated with OHL in early adolescence.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de um nanocomplexo recém-desenvolvido formado entre hidroxipropil-β-ciclodextrina e 1% de tetrafluoreto de titânio (TiF4) após distintos períodos de complexação (12/72 horas) na desmineralização do esmalte bovino in vitro. Blocos de esmalte (n = 60) foram alocados para cada grupo: água Mili-Q, hidroxipropil-β-ciclodextrina, TiF4 a 1%, hidroxipropil-β-ciclodextrina + TiF4 1% após 12 horas de complexação e hidroxipropil-β-ciclodextrina + TiF4 1% após 72 horas de complexação. As amostras foram avaliadas pela microdureza superficial, microdureza transversal e micro-CT. Microscopia eletrônica de varredura / espectrometria de raios X por dispersão de energia (MEV / EDX) foram obtidas. A hidroxipropil-β-ciclodextrina + TiF4 1% após 12h de complexação resultou em um menor percentual de perda de microdureza superficial em comparação com água Mili-Q, hidroxipropil-β-ciclodextrina, TiF4 a 1% e hidroxipropil-β-ciclodextrina + TiF4 1% após 72 horas de complexação com uma ampla magnitude de efeito (de 1,307 a 2,943) e alto poder (84,9 a 99%). Todos os grupos resultaram em similar perda integrada de minerais (ΔZ) obtida por ambas as técnicas de microdureza e micro-CT. O esmalte tratado com os grupos TiF4 e TiF4 + hidroxipropil-β-ciclodextrina apresentou camada de esmalte TiO2, enquanto a avaliação de EDX identificou Ti. A solução contendo o complexo de inclusão de hidroxipropil-β-ciclodextrina + TiF4 com 12 horas de período de complexação demonstrou uma capacidade significativa para reduzir a desmineralização superficial do esmalte hígido sob um desafio cariogênico artificial.

Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antifungal Potential of an Extract From the Leaves of Guapira Graciliflora Mart. Against Oral Microorganisms of Dental Interest

Abstract Objective: To perform an in vitro analysis of antibacterial and antifungal potential of an alcoholic extract from the leaves of Guapira Graciliflora Mart. against oral microorganisms and determine its chemical composition. Material and Methods: A hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves form G. graciliflora was obtained through maceration, vacuum concentration and freeze-drying. Antibacterial and antifungal activities were evaluated against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus parasanguinis, Streptococcus mitis and strains of Candida albicans using broth microdilution method. Phytochemical analysis determined the total phenolic compounds, protein concentration and total of sugars present in the extract. Results: G. Graciliflora demonstrated antifungal activity against the LM 11 and LM 410 clinical isolates of C. albicans (MIC 0.5 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL, respectively). The other microorganisms tested were resistant to the extract. The phytochemical analysis revealed 3% proteins, 13% total sugars and 17% phenolic compounds. Conclusion: G. Graciliflora has antifungal activity against clinical strains of C. albicans and exhibits proteins, sugars and phenolic compounds in its chemical composition.

Use of erythrocytes in cytotoxicity and toxicity assays of medicinal plant extracts: analysis of their application and bibliometric study / Utilización de eritrocitos en ensayos de citotoxicidad y toxidez de extractos de plantas medicinales: análisis de su aplicación y estudio bibliométrico

Plant species have been used for therapeutic purposes since ancient times and are still in use today since these products represent a source of raw material for the production of phytotherapeutic formulations. Screening and investigation of plants with pharmacological potential require the evaluation of characteristics related to their action, efficacy and safety in different steps. Among these steps, pre- clinical trials are used to evaluate the properties of the test product in in vitro experiments, such as cytotoxicity assays. Within this context, this study consists of a bibliometric analysis of some in vitro cytotoxicity and toxicity assays in erythrocytes used during bioprospecting of medicinal plants. The results demonstrated the wide application of erythrocytes to evaluate the biological effects of medicinal plant extracts. The methods were found to be valid and effective for the preliminary investigation of the in vitro cytotoxicity and toxicity of plant products.

El uso de especies vegetales para fines terapéuticos es una práctica histórica y todavía bastante actual, ya que estos productos pueden representar una fuente de materia prima para la producción de formulaciones fitoterápicas. En investigación de plantas con potencial farmacológico requiere la evaluación de su acción, eficacia y seguridad, a través de diferentes etapas. Entre estas, en los ensayos preclínicos se evalúan las propiedades del producto-prueba en experimentos in vitro, tales como ensayos de citotoxicidad, entre otros. En este aspecto, el presente estudio consiste en un análisis bibliométrico acerca de algunas pruebas de citotoxicidad y toxicidad in vitro en eritrocitos realizados en los ensayos de bioprospección de plantas medicinales. Los resultados evidencian la amplia utilización de eritrocitos para la evaluación de los efectos biológicos de extractos de plantas medicinales, apuntándolos como métodos válidos y eficaces para la investigación preliminar de la citotoxicidad y toxicidad in vitro de productos vegetales.

In vitro Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Potential of Salvia officinalis L. against Oral Pathogens / Avaliação in vitro do Potencial Antimicrobiano da Salvia officinalis L. Frente a Patógenos Orais

The emergence of multidrug-resistant strains to antibiotics has motivated the search for new substances with antimicrobial activity, especially those derived from medicinal plants. Salvia officinalis L. is a medicinal plant that arouses scientific interest due to being associated with multiple therapeutic effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial potential of S. officinalis L. against pathogens in the oral cavity. The antimicrobial potential of the ethanol extract of leaf of S. officinalis L was evaluated by broth microdilution, with determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal/Fungicide concentration (MBC / MFC), against the species Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguis, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida guillermond, Candida krusei and Candida tropicalis. The extract showed moderate antifungal potential before Candida species (MIC = 1 mg/mL). And for the species of Streptococcus, the antimicrobial activity was from moderate to strong whose MIC ranged from 0.25 to 1 mg/mL. In this study, the extract from the leaves of S. officinalis L. presented oral cavity antimicrobial activity against pathogens. These results point to S. officinalis as a possible source of active ingredients in the development of formulations with antimicrobial activity of dental use. (AU).

O surgimento de cepas multirresistentes a antibióticos tem motivado a busca de novas substâncias com atividade antimicrobiana, especialmente aquelas oriundas de plantas medicinais. A Salvia officinalis L. é uma planta medicinal que desperta interesse científico por estar associada a múltiplos efeitos terapêuticos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o potencial antimicrobiano in vitro da S. officinalis L. frente a patógenos da cavidade bucal. O potencial antimicrobiano do extrato etanólico da folha da S. officinalis L foi avaliado por meio da microdiluição em caldo, com determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Bactericida/Fungicida Mínima (CBM/CFM), frente as espécies Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguis, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida guillermond, Candida krusei e Candida tropicalis. O extrato apresentou moderado potencial antifúngico frente às espécies de Candida (CIM = 1 mg/mL). Para as espécies de Streptococcus, o potencial antimicrobiano foi considerado forte a moderado, com valores de CIM variando entre 0,25 a 1 mg/mL. Neste estudo, o extrato da folha de S. officinalis L. apresentou potencial antimicrobiano contra patógenos da cavidade bucal. Esses resultados apontam a S. officinalis como uma possível fonte de princípios ativos no desenvolvimento de formulações com atividade antimicrobiana de uso odontológico. (AU).

Anadenanthera Colubrina vell Brenan: anti-Candida and antibiofilm activities, toxicity and therapeutical action

Abstract: We evaluated the antifungal and antibiofilm potential of the hydroalcoholic extract of bark from Anadenanthera colubrina (vell.) Brenan, known as Angico, against Candida spp. Antifungal activity was evaluated using the microdilution technique through the Minimum Inhibitory and Fungicide Concentrations (MIC and MFC). The antibiofilm potential was tested in mature biofilms formed by Candida species and analyzed through the counting of CFU/mL and scanning electron micrograph (SEM). In vivo toxicity and therapeutic action was evaluated in the Galleria mellonella model. The treatment with the extract, in low doses, was able to reduce the growth of planktonic cells of Candida species. MIC values range between 19.5 and 39 µg/mL and MFC values range between 79 and 625 µg/mL. In addition was able to reduce the number of CFU/mL in biofilms and to cause structural alteration and cellular destruction, observed via SEM. A. colubrina showed low toxicity in the in vivo assay, having not affected the viability of the larvae at doses below 100mg/kg and high potential in the treatment of C. albicans infection. Considering its high antifungal potential, its low toxicity and potential to treatment of infections in in vivo model, A. colubrina extract is a strong candidate for development of a new agent for the treatment of oral candidiasis.

Antifungal, antibiofilm, and antiproliferative activities of Guapira graciliflora Mart

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the antifungal, antibiofilm and antiproliferative activities of the extract from the leaves of Guapira graciliflora Mart. The phytochemical characterization of the extract was performed using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The antimicrobial activity of the extract and its fractions was evaluated using the broth microdilution method against species of Candida. The inhibition of C. albicans biofilm was evaluated based on the number of colony-forming units (CFU) and metabolic activity (MTT). The antiproliferative activity of the extract and its fraction was evaluated in the presence of human tumor and non-tumor cells, and the cytotoxicity of the extract was determined on the RAW 264.7 macrophage line - both using the sulforhodamine B method. The phytochemical characterization indicated the presence of the flavonoids rutin and kaempferol. The extract and the methanol fraction exhibited moderate antifungal activity against C. albicans, C. krusei, and C. glabrata, and strong activity against C. dubliniensis. In the biofilms at 24 and 48 hours, the concentration of 12500 µg/mL of the extract was the most effective at reducing the number of CFU s/mL (44.4% and 42.9%, respectively) and the metabolic activity of C. albicans cells (34.6% and 52%, respectively). The extract and its fractions had no antiproliferative effect on the tumor lines tested, with mean activity (log GI50) equal to or greater than 1.71 µg/mL. Macrophage cell viability remained higher than 80% for concentrations of the extract of up to 62.5 µg/mL. G. graciliflora has flavonoids in its chemical composition and demonstrates potential antifungal and antibiofilm activity, with no evidence of a significant change in the viability of human tumor and non-tumor cell lines.

Alveólise em Dente Decíduo: Relato de Caso / Alveolysis in Deciduous Tooth: Case Report

Alveólise é uma patologia ósseo-gengival caracterizada pela exposição da raiz dentária na cavidade oral, em função da reabsorção da tábua óssea alveolar, comumente relacionada ao traumatismo dentário e/ou cárie dentária. Considerada de baixa ocorrência, geralmente, acomete crianças do sexo masculino entre 4 e 5 anos de idade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um caso clínico de alveólise em dente decíduo anterior, em uma criança de 6 anos de idade, com história de traumatismo dentário na região anterior da maxila. A lesão foi diagnosticada após exame clínico de rotina. No exame físico intraoral, observou-se a exposição do ápice radicular do dente 61, circundada por tecido levemente edemaciado e eritematoso e presença de ulceração na mucosa labial relacionada ao ápice exposto. O dente envolvido não apresentava cárie, apenas discreta fratura no ângulo incisal. O paciente apresentava uma condição bucal insatisfatória, caracterizada pela presença generalizada de biofilme dental visível e cárie precoce e severa da infância. No exame radiográfico não foi evidenciada reabsorção radicular no dente 61 e se constatou a presença dos incisivos centrais permanentes superiores em condições de normalidade. O diagnóstico foi de alveólise do tipo fenestração apical. O tratamento indicado foi a exodontia do dente afetado. Não houve intercorrência durante o tratamento e o pós-operatório foi satisfatório, considerando a erupção normal do dente sucessor e o restabelecimento das condições ideais de saúde bucal da criança. Concluiuse, portanto, que a alveólise é uma condição de fácil diagnóstico, tratamento simplificado e de bom prognóstico. (AU)

Alveolysis is a bone-gingival pathology characterized by the exposure of the dental root in the oral cavity, due the reabsorption of the alveolar bone, commonly related to dental trauma and/or dental caries. It is a condition of low occurrence, and usually affects male children between 4 and 5-years-old. The aim of this case report was to present a clinical case of alveolysis in a deciduous anterior tooth in a 6-year-old child with a history of dental trauma in the anterior region of the maxilla. The lesion was diagnosed after routine clinical examination. The intraoral examination revealed the radicular apex of the tooth 61, surrounded by slightly edema and erythematous tissue, and ulceration of the labial mucosa related to the exposed apex. The tooth involved had no caries , only slight fracture at the incisal angle. The patient presented an unsatisfactory oral condition, characterized by the presence of visible dental biofilm and severe early childhood caries. The radiographic exam revealed root resorption on tooth 61 and the presence of the maxillary permanent central incisors in conditions of normality. The diagnosis was of alveolysis with apical fenestration. The treatment of choice was the dental extraction of the involved tooth. There was no intercurrence during the treatment and the postoperative was satisfactory, considering the normal eruption of the successor tooth and the restoration of the child's ideal oral health conditions. Thus, it can be concluded that alveolysis is a condition of easy diagnosis, simplified treatment and good prognosis. (AU)

Antifungal Activity, Phytochemical Characterization and Thermal Profile of Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell. ) Brenan

Objective: To investigate the antifungal potential of A. colubrina, and its phytochemical characteristics, thermal profile and toxicity. Material and Methods: To assess potential antifungal activity, the technique of microdilution was used with the determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration, using standard species of Candida and recent clinical isolates of Candida albicans. Analyses of action of the extract were performed on the wall and cell morphology of C. albicans, of the interactive effect between the plant extract and nystatin on C. albicans through the checkerboard method, and of growth kinetics. The phytochemical screening was determined by spectrophotometry. The thermal profile was traced with the determination of thermogravimetric curves (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The toxicity was evaluated by the method of hemolysis. Results: The extract of A. colubrina showed a fungistatic potential against all bacteria tested and it acted by modifying the cellular morphology of C. albicans. There was a synergism between nystatin and the plant extract (FIC=0.375), and 53.18% of total polyphenols were determined. The TG curve showed the occurrence of three steps of thermal decomposition. None of the tested concentrations became the effective cytotoxic concentration. Conclusion: Further studies should be conducted to understand the efficacy and the mechanisms of action involved in the antifungal activity of the plant extract of A. colubrina in order to produce a new drug for the treatment of oral candidiasis.

Odontoma associated with impacted mandibular canine: surgically guided eruption / Odontoma associado a canino inferior incluso: erupção cirurgicamente guiada

ABSTRACT Odontoma is the most common type of odontogenic tumor and is most often diagnosed in the second decade of life. This benign tumor has a slow growth and is asymptomatic, which favors its persistence in the bone until some clinical sign emerges or the tumor or be detected in a routine radiograph. The aim of this case report was to present a clinic case of a 13-year-old male, who presented delayed exfoliation of the mandibular right primary canine. The radiographic exam revealed a radiopaque image in the anterior region of the mandible produced by structures that resembled the formation of teeth surrounded by a radiolucent area. Adjacent to the tumor, the impacted mandibular right canine was identified with deviation of its eruption axis. The clinical diagnosis was compound odontoma. Treatment consisted of the removal of the tumor and the surgically-assisted eruption of the tooth without orthodontic traction. After three years of follow up, the patient has exhibited positive results. It is possible to surgically assist the eruption of an impacted tooth, with a deviated axis, associated with an odontoma through the removal of the tumor and of the physical barrier (ostectomy) without orthodontic traction.

RESUMO Os odontomas são considerados os tipos mais comuns de tumores odontogênicos e frequentemente diagnosticados na segunda década de vida. Possuem crescimento lento, comportamento benigno e assintomático, favorecendo sua permanência intraóssea por muito tempo até demonstrarem algum sinal clínico ou serem detectados em radiografias de rotina. O objetivo deste relato foi apresentar um caso clínico de um paciente de 13 anos de idade, sexo masculino, que apresentou atraso na esfoliação do canino decíduo inferior direito. No exame radiográfico, verificou-se uma imagem radiopaca na região anterior da mandíbula, produzida por estruturas que lembravam a formação de dentes, circundada por uma área radiolúcida. Adjacente à lesão, na parte basal, identificou-se a presença do canino permanente inferior direito incluso, apresentando desvio do seu eixo de erupção. O diagnóstico clínico foi definido como odontoma composto. O tratamento consistiu na remoção da lesão e erupção do dente incluso associado, por meio de intervenções cirúrgicas, sem tração ortodôntica, com três anos de acompanhamento e resultados positivos. Existe a possibilidade de erupção cirurgicamente guiada de dente retido, com desvio do seu eixo de erupção e associado à odontoma, através da remoção da lesão e da barreira física (ostectomia) sem tração ortodôntica.

Parental Perceptions of Oral Health Status in Preschool Children and Associated Factors

The aim of the present study was to evaluate parental perceptions of oral health status in preschool children. A cross-sectional study was carried with 843 Brazilian children between 3 and 5 years of age. Parents/guardians answered a self-administered questionnaire on the health of their children and sociodemographic data. Parental perceptions of their child's oral health were determined by the responses to the following question: "How would you describe your child's oral health?" The Brazilian version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (B-ECOHIS) was answered by parents/guardians and used to measure the impact of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) on preschool children and their families. Three examiners performed oral exams on the children (K= 0.85-0.90). Descriptive analytical statistics were carried out, followed by logistic regression for complex samples (α=5%). The following variables were significantly associated with parental perceptions of children's oral health: parental perception of general health as poor (OR=18.25; 95% CI: 3.36-98.96), negative impact on family's OHRQoL (OR=13.82; 95% CI: 4.27-44.72), child aged five years (OR=7.40; 95% CI: 1.49-36.63) and the interaction between history of toothache and dental caries (OR=10.02; 95% CI: 1.17-85.61). Thus, parental perceptions of oral health are influenced only by clinical conditions with symptoms, such as dental caries with toothache. Other oral conditions, such as malocclusion or traumatic dental injury, were not associated with parental perceptions of their child's oral health.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a percepção dos pais sobre saúde bucal de pré-escolares. Um estudo transversal foi realizado com 843 crianças brasileiras entre três e cinco anos de idade. Os pais/responsáveis responderam a um questionário autoaplicável sobre a saúde de seus filhos e dados sociodemográficos. Percepções dos pais sobre a saúde bucal de seus filhos foram determinados pela resposta à seguinte pergunta: "Como você descreveria a saúde bucal do seu filho?" A versão brasileira da Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (B-ECOHIS) foi respondido por pais/responsáveis e usada para medir o impacto da qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal (OHRQoL) em crianças pré-escolares e suas famílias. Três examinadores realizaram exames bucais nas crianças (K=0,85-0,90). Análise descritiva foi realizada, seguida de uma análise de regressão logística para amostras complexas (α=5%). As seguintes variáveis foram significativamente associados com a percepção dos pais sobre saúde bucal dos filhos: percepção ruim dos pais sobre a saúde geral (OR=18,25; IC 95%: 3,36-98,96), impacto negativo sobre OHRQoL da família (OR=13,82; IC 95%: 4,27-44,72), crianças com idade de cinco anos (OR=7,40; IC 95%: 1,49-36,63) e a interação entre o histórico da dor de dente e cárie dentária (OR=10,02; IC 95%: 1,17-85,61). Percepções parentais de saúde bucal são influenciados pelo impacto sobre OHRQoL da família, a percepção ruim dos pais sobre a saúde geral do seu filho, e as condições clínicas com sintomas, tais como cárie dentária com dor de dente. Outros problemas bucais, tais como má oclusão ou traumatismo dentário, não foram associados com a percepção dos pais sobre saúde bucal de seus filhos.

Potencial antimicrobiano de seis plantas do semiárido paraibano contra bactérias relacionadas à infecção endodôntica / Antimicrobial potential of six plants from the semiarid zone of Paraíba State (Brazil) against bacteria related to endodontic infection

Com o aumento dos microrganismos resistentes às substâncias antimicrobianas já conhecidas, vários extratos de plantas medicinais foram testados com a finalidade de procurar novos compostos com atividade antimicrobiana reconhecida. Assim este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana de diferentes extratos vegetais em bactérias relacionadas à infecção endodôntica. Foram testados os extratos hidroalcóolicos das espécies Syderoxylum obtusifolium Roem e Schult (quixabeira), Bauhínia forficata Linn (mororó), Anadenanthera colubrina Brenan (angico), Spondias tuberosa Arruda (umbuzeiro), Tabebuia pentaphylla Vell. (ipê rosa) e Guapira graciliflora Mart. (joão-mole), contra o Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli. Foram realizados os ensaios antimicrobianos pela técnica do disco difusão em ágar e pelo método de microdiluição em caldo. Todos os extratos analisados apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana contra pelo menos uma espécie bacteriana. Os melhores resultados foram encontrados com T. pentaphylla Vell e G. graciliflora Mart, apresentando atividade contra todas as cepas testadas, destacando-se a atividade de T. pentaphylla Vell frente a S.aureus na concentração de 0,78μl/μl e da casca de G. graciliflora Mart frente a E.faecalisna concentração de 6,25μl/μl. Os resultados sinalizam o potencial antimicrobiano dessas plantas, podendo ser promissoras para estudos de desenvolvimento de novos produtos de uso endodôntico.

In the face of an increasing range of microorganisms known to be resistant to antimicrobial substances, various herbal extracts have been screened in order to find new compounds with recognized antimicrobial activity. In particular, this study was carried out to assess the antimicrobial activity of such extracts on bacteria related to endodontic infection. Hydroalcoholic extracts of the species Syderoxylum obtusifolium Roem and Schult (quixabeira), Bauhinia forficata Linn (mororó) Anadenanthera colubrina Brenan (angico), Spondias tuberosa Arruda (umbuzeiro), Tabebuia pentaphylla Vell. (ipê rosa) and Guapira graciliflora Mart. (joão-mole), were tested against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The antimicrobial assays were performed by the disk agar diffusion and broth microdilution methods. All extracts analyzed showed antimicrobial activity against at least one bacterial species. The best results were obtained with T. pentaphylla and G. graciliflora, which showed activity against all tested strains; specifically, that of T. pentaphylla against S. aureus, at a concentration of 0.78μL/μL, and of G. graciliflora bark against E. faecalis, at a concentration of 6.25μL/μL, should be highlighted. The results indicate that extracts of these plants may be promising for the study and development of new antimicrobials for endodontic use.

Inflammatory effect of green propolis on dental pulp in rats

Pulpotomy in deciduous teeth is a controversial issue, especially with regard to alternative materials used for the direct pulp capping of the root canal pulp tissue. The aim of the present study was to perform a histological analysis of the initial reaction of the root canal pulp tissue in rats, following pulpotomy and pulp capping with (1) green propolis extract, (2) iodoform paste, (3) green propolis extract + iodoform and (4) calcium hydroxide paste with saline solution. Analyses were performed after 24 hours, 72 hours and 7 days. The substances containing green propolis extract and iodoform led to the production of an intense inflammatory infiltrate and necrosis in the root canal pulp tissue throughout the analyses. In the calcium hydroxide group, inflammatory infiltrate only prevailed at the 72-hour evaluation. Among the substances tested, calcium hydroxide paste induced the lowest intensity of inflammatory response in the root canal pulp tissue. Longer studies should be carried out to analyze the pulp repair process following pulpotomy and pulp capping with the compounds analyzed.

Estimation of Toothpaste Fluoride Intake in Preschool Children

The objective of this study was to estimate the intake of toothpaste fluoride used by children aged 2 to 6 years (n=87) treated at a hospital of a medium-sized city (Campina Grande, PB) in the Northeastern region of Brazil. Data regarding sociodemographic characteristics of families and children's toothbrushing were collected from questionnaire-based interviews with parents/guardians, and the amount of fluoride used during toothbrushing was estimated using a precision scale for assessment of the risk of dental fluorosis, considering a cutoff value of 0.07 mgF/kg body weight/day. Fluoride content in the toothpastes was analyzed using a specific fluoride electrode. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics using the chi-square and Fisher's exact tests (α=0.05). Considering the use of the derice, the risk of fluorosis in the children was 19.5%. There was significant association (p<0.05) between the risk of fluorosis, brushing frequency, type of derice and who performed the child's oral hygiene. It was concluded that a high percentage of children in the studied sample used toothpaste inappropriately and were at risk of developing dental fluorosis.

Resumo O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estimar a ingestão de flúor de derícios utilizados por crianças de 2 a 6 anos de idade (n=87) atendidas em um hospital de médio porte (Campina Grande, PB) na região nordeste do Brasil. Os dados envolveram características sócio-demográficas e escovação dentária das crianças através de uma entrevista com formulário específico, aplicado aos pais/responsáveis, e a quantidade de flúor utilizada na escovação da criança, por meio de balança de precisão, para avaliação do risco de fluorose dentária, considerando o ponto de corte 0,07 mgF/kg peso corporal/dia. O conteúdo de flúor nos cremes dentais foi analisado utilizando eletrodo específico. Os dados foram trabalhados sob a forma de estatística descritiva e inferencial usando o testes do Qui-quadrado de Pearson e Exato de Fisher (α= 0,05). Levando-se em consideração o uso do derício, o risco de fluorose das crianças pesquisadas foi 19,5%. Houve associação significativa entre o risco de fluorose, a frequência de escovação, o tipo de derício e quem realiza a higiene bucal da criança (p<0,05). Concluiu-se que elevada parcela das crianças usavam o derício de forma inadequada e apresentaram risco de fluorose. .

In vitro evaluation of the root canal cleaning ability of plant extracts and their antimicrobial action

This in vitro study evaluated both the antimicrobial activity and the root canal cleaning ability of plant extracts used in irrigation solutions. The antimicrobial activities of the aroeira-da-praia (Schinus terebintifolius Raddi) and the quixabeira (Syderoxylum obtusifolium Roem & Schult) hydroalcoholic extracts, of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and of 0.12% chlorhexidine (positive control) against Enterococcus faecalis were tested with the agar well diffusion method. The level of root canal cleanliness was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Twenty one single-rooted human teeth were divided into three groups according to the irrigation solution applied: 1) 50% aroeira-da-praia; 2) 50% quixabeira and 3) a combination of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite + 17% EDTA. All solutions tested demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis. The SEM analysis revealed that higher and lower degrees of surface cleaning were observed, in the three groups, respectively for the coronal and apical thirds, in that quixabeira showed the greatest efficiency in removing the smear layer in the apical third. All the agents tested presented antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis. None, however, was able to completely remove the smear layer of the dentinal surface in the different thirds of the root canal. The results suggest that the analyzed plant extracts may represent a new therapeutic option in the list of alternative agents available for endodontic treatment.

Percepção de acadêmicos de odontologia sobre maus-tratos na infância / Perception of students of dentistry on abuse in childhood

Objetivo: verificar a percepção de acadêmicos do 4º e 5º ano de Odontologia da Universidade Estadual daParaíba acerca dos maus-tratos infantis. Metodologia: O estudo foi do tipo quantitativo, descritivo, de corte transversal, no qual se utilizou um questionário auto-aplicável semi-estrututado em 91 alunos, no períodode março a junho de 2010. Resultados: Observou-se que a maioria dos acadêmicos soube definir os maus-tratos infantis adequadamente (65,4%), porém nenhum acadêmico soube classificar corretamente;foram pouco apontados os seus sinais/ sintomas bucais (31,4%); a maioria da amostra soube informara conduta a ser adotada diante de casos de maus-tratos infantis (83,3%); a maior parte dos acadêmicos teve pouco contato com o tema maus-tratos infantis durante a sua formação universitária (34,1%); grande parte dos pesquisados possuía interesse de aprender sobre o assunto (95,6%). Conclusão: de uma forma geral, houve uma percepção razoável dos acadêmicos pesquisados sobre maus-tratos infantis.

Objective: To verify the perception of students in 4th and 5th year of Dentistry of State University ofParaiba about child abuse. Methods: The study was quantitative, descriptive, cross sectional, and useda self-administered semi-structured questionnaire in 91 students in the period from March to June2010. Results: It was observed that most students knew how to define child abuse properly (65.4%), butnone of them knew the correct classification; mouth signs/symptoms were rarely appointed (31.4%);the majority of the sample knew how to inform the approach to be used in cases of child abuse (83.3%);most of the students had little contact with the child abuse theme during their undergraduate course(34.1%); the majority of respondents had interest in learning about the subject (95.6%). Conclusions: in general, there was a reasonable perception of the academics surveyed about child abuse.

Mucosite oral induzida por radiação: uso de fatores de crescimento e de laser / Radiation-induced oral mucositis: the use of growth factors and laser

Dosagens de radiação em torno de 50 a 70 Gy são consideradas de risco para o desenvolvimento de mucosite oral. Foi realizado um levantamento da literatura relacionada com a mucosite oral induzida por radiação em humanos na base de dados MEDLINE, tendo como critério inicial a seleção de artigos completos publicados em inglês de 1995 a 2005. Foram identificados 40 trabalhos relevantes, dos quais apenas 17 apresentavam evidências científicas sobre o uso local de fatores de crescimento e do laser de baixa potência como modalidades terapêuticas para a mucosite oral. A maioria dos autores considerava o sistema de gradação em escores preconizado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde como o mais adequado para a classificação do grau de evolução desta complicação oral. Observou-se, a partir da análise realizada, que o uso local de fatores de crescimento e do laser de baixa potência pode reduzir a severidade da mucosite oral induzida por radiação, favorecendo a proliferação celular e, consequentemente, a indução do reparo da mucosa e contribuindo para melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes.

Radiation doses of 50 to 70 Gy may cause oral mucositis. The MEDLINE database was searched for full articles published in English from 1995 to 2005 on radiation-induced oral mucositis in humans. Forty relevant articles were found and of these, only 17 presented scientific evidence of the use of growth factors and low-power laser administered locally as treatment options for oral mucositis. Most authors considered the World Health Organization's grading system the most appropriate for classifying the grade of this oral complication. Review of these articles revealed that growth factors and low-power laser used locally can reduce the severity of radiation-induced oral mucositis, stimulating cell proliferation and consequently, promote healing. This helps to better the quality of life of these patients.